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CHAPTER 4 – CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF LIFE

WATER: AN IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUND

Most important inorganic compound for living things

Cohesion:

·       Polar Molecule:

·       Opposite charges attract: + region of one polar molecule attracts – region of another polar molecule

·       Force that holds _________ molecules together

Adhesion:

·       Polar molecules & Ionic Compounds dissolve easily in H₂O

·       ________________________________: Adhesion b/w water & glass molecules -> water is drawn up

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS –

(C,H,O,N,S,P). Larger & more complex than inorganic. C atom can form 4 covalent bonds w/ other atoms -> long chains of molecules (Polymers)

Chemical Reactions:

1.            Synthesis/ Dehydration – Compounds or molecules are built -> reaction produces H₂O. “___________________”

2.            Decomposition/ Hydrolysis – Compounds are broken down -> H₂O is added. “______________________”

Reactions are powered by ENZYMES.

TYPES OF ORGANIC POLYMERS

1.            Carbohydrates: Contain __________ in a _________ ratio (C₆H₁₂O₆). Chief source of energy for organisms. End in “ose”

A)  Monosaccharides –

Ex: glucose C₆H₁₂O₆

Isomers:

B) Disaccharides –

Ex: sucrose = glucose + fructose

C) Polysaccharides –

Organisms can store excess sugar:
Plants: Starch = energy storage
Animals: Glycogen (in liver) = energy storage

2.            Lipids – Fats, oils, wax, steroids. Contain _________.

·       2X more energy storage than carbs (more C-H bonds)

·        

·       _____ energy source

·       Makes up cell membranes

Building Blocks: ______________________ (Triglyceride)

A)  Saturated Fat – Fatty acids have ______________

_______. _________ form (butter, lard)

B) Unsaturated Fat – Fatty acids have _____________. __________ form (oils). C-chains have kinks in them.

C) Phospholipids –

 D) Cholesterol – Important in manufacturing sex hormones

3.            Nucleic Acids – Contain _______________. The “blueprint” for proteins. Sequence of bases (A, T, C, G) codes for protein production.

·        

·        

·        

Basic Structure:

Phosphate                                                        Nitrogen
    Group                                                              Base

                                                        5-carbon sugar

Examples:

4.            Proteins –

(50 – 100,000). Contain _____________ (P, S)

· Structural components of cells & tissues

· Messengers between cells (receptors)

· 3^rd source of energy

· Antibodies, cartilage, bone, muscle, hormones

·  

Building Blocks: ___________________

Basic structure of Amino Acid: ( ___ different aa exist)

Peptide Bonds –

Polypeptide –

Protein Structures:

·        

·        

·       Cross-links occur if neighboring proteins (pleated sheets) become bonded

·       1^st protein structure determined = ____________

ENZYMES –

·        

·       ________________ – used again & again, not changed by rxns

·       Names end in “ase”

·       Acts upon a Substrate -

·       ___________ = enzymes that break down lipids; ____________ break down proteins, ___________breaks down maltose

·        

·       Some enzymes need coenzymes to function -

Function:

·       Lock and Key Model: substrate __________________ into active site on enzyme

·       Induced Fit Model: Enzyme ________________________ to grasp substrate to active site

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action –

Temperature – Too hot -> enzyme _______________ (breaks down). Optimum temperature for rxns to occur in cells ____°C.

pH -

Concentration of Enzyme/ Substrate -