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CHAPTER 5 – THE CELL

Cell –

Cells Timeline:

·    1600s:
·       1683:
·       1824:
·       1831:
·       1838:
·       1839:
·       1855:

Cell Theory

1.  

2.   

3.

 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: (fill in blanks)
 

Cell Size

Cells must be small enough to function efficiently, and be able to:

·        

·        

The exchange of these materials is limited by the cell’s ____________________________. When a cell’s __________ ________________, its ____________________________ at a ___________________________. (Cube example)

SPECIALIZED INTERNAL STRUCTURES (ORGANELLES)

·       Cell (Plasma) Membrane –

Cell Membrane Structure: ____________ + ___________ + _______________ - “__________________________” – Proteins are embedded in, but still able to move along, the lipid layer which is in a fluid state. Carbs branch from the external surface of the membrane. (fig 5-6)

Membrane Proteins:

o     Transport proteins: 

o     Receptor Proteins: 

o     Enzymes

o     Marker Proteins:

·       Nucleus –

Nuclear Envelope – A double, selectively permeable membrane with pores that ______________________ ___________________________________________.

Nucleolus –

·       Cytoplasm –

Chemical rxns occur & organelles exist here

·       Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) –

*

*

       Rough ER: Contains _____________ on surface

       Smooth ER: __________________

·       Ribosomes –

·       Golgi Bodies –

Path of proteins in cell:

Ribosome ® ER ® pinched off (vesicle) ® Golgi ® leaves cell

·       Lysosomes – Small saclike structures containing digestive enzymes.

·       Mitochondria – “Powerhouse” of cell. Kidney-shaped, surrounded by double membranes. Inner membrane is highly folded forming Cristae, providing large surface area for biochemical rxns.

*

*

•  Microtubules –

Skeleton; _________________________

*Found in centrioles, cilia, flagella

*Composed of protein called _______________

• Microfilaments –

Contain protein called ___________.

*

*

·       Centrioles –

·       Cilia & Flagella –

·       Vacuoles -  Fluid filled organelles enclosed by membrane;

 ·       Plastids – Double membrane-bound organelles in plant cells only.

Leucoplasts:

Chloroplasts:

__________ – A system of photosynthetic membranes arranged in stacks; contain chlorophyll.

__________ – Protein-containing material that fills the rest of the chloroplast

·       Cell Wall –

THEORY OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS - 

______________________ – One organism lives in or on another organism; both organisms benefit from relationship.

·          

·          

Evidence: Similarities between Mitochondria/ Chloroplasts & Bacteria:

·        

·        

·        

·        

·        

·        

MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS WITHIN THE CELL

Selective Permeability of Cell Membrane

·         

·         

Passive Transport –

1.  Diffusion: Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

·       

·       

·      Ex:

·      CO₂, O₂

2.  Facilitated Diffusion:

·       

·      Speeds up movement across a membrane

·      Ex:

3.  Osmosis:

______________________– The increase in pressure resulting from the flow of water in osmosis

·      _________________________ contains the same amount of solute as the cell placed in it (equilibrium)

·      _________________________ contains less solute than the cell placed in it (__________ ® __________)

Turgor – pressure that develops in a plant cell due to osmosis

·      _______________________ contains more solute than the cell placed in it (__________ ® __________)

Plasmolysis – shrinking of cytoplasm due to osmosis

Active Transport –

·       Protein Pumps –

·       Membrane Vesicle Transport –

Endocytosis –

       Pinocytosis –

       Phagocytosis –

Exocytosis –

ORGANIZATION OF CELLS IN ORGANISMS

Unicellular Organisms

·        

·       Vary in size & complexity

·       Ex:

·       _________________________ – A few -> many cells loosely attached to one another, showing little or no specialization among themselves

Multicellular Organisms

·        

·        

Hierarchy of Cells:

Tissues –

 Organs –

·       Ex: _________________ (nerves, muscles, blood vessels that work together)

Organ System –

·       Ex: _____________________ = mouth + esophagus + stomach + intestines + pancreas + liver…etc.

·       Fxn: