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CHAPTER 6: CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CELL ENERGY

Energy:

Uses of Energy (E)

·        

·        

·        

Chemical E -> -> -> Useable E

Energy from Food

Complex Organic Compounds ---> Simpler Organic Compounds

            (chemical E)                                                                          (Useable E)

Cellular Respiration:

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ + enzymes -> H₂O + CO₂ + ATP (E)

ATP & ADP

Structure of ATP molecule: ________ + ________ + ________

Phosphorylation:

ATP/ADP cycle:

E released for cell activities

              ATP                                                                                        ADP

E released from breakdown of glucose

used to add P to ADP (package the E)

The main source of E for ATP comes from ______________

_______________________________.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

The molecule that _______________, __________ & ________ is said to be oxidized.

The molecule that _______________, ___________ & _______ is said to be reduced.

(OIL RIG: __________________________________)

Example: NaCl

Electron Acceptors

Biochemical Pathway –

·       At several points along the biochemical pathway of cellular respiration, _____________________________________ ______________________________________________.

·       There must be __________________________________ ______________________________________________.

__________ (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

__________(Flavine adenine dinucleotide)

·        

NAD⁺ + 2e (+E) + 2H -----> NADH

FAD + 2e (+E) + 2H -----> FADH2

·       In another series of reactions in the biochemical pathway,___________________________________ __________________________________________

·        

·        

Two types of Respiration: 

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

 Glycolysis:

1.   

2.   

3.   

4.   

5.   

·       Net gain of _________  molecules (make 4, use 2)

·       Net gain of __________

If NO OXYGEN is present at the end of glycolysis, FERMENTATION occurs.

Fermentation –

In _________, pyruvic acid is converted to _____________ and ______. This is the process by which wine & beer is made:

pyruvic acid ----> ethyl alcohol + CO₂

In __________, pyruvic acid is converted to ______________. When humans partake in _______________________, glucose is broken down faster than O₂ molecules can accept electrons at the end of cellular respiration. This results in _____________ ___________ & ____________:

pyruvic acid ----> lactic acid

If OXYGEN is present at the end of glycolysis, AEROBIC RESPIRATION takes place.

 AEROBIC RESPIRATION

·        

·        

·        

The Kreb’s Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle

·       Most of the __________, ____________________, & other molecules necessary for aerobic respiration are located in or on the double, highly ________________________________

1.   

2.   

3.   

Kreb’s Cycle:

Each turn of the cycle produces net gain of: (2 turns/glucose molecule)

·       ____ molecules ______ (excreted as _________)

·       ____ molecules _______

·       __________

·       __________

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Highly organized system of enzymes & coenzymes located in the mitochondrial membrane. A series of reduction/ oxidation reactions takes place here

1.   

2.   

3.   

4.   

5.   

6.   

7.   

Net Gain: __ ATP

Reactions of Aerobic Respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + enzymes à 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + E (ATP)

_______________________ produces a total of ________ molecules (glycolysis + Kreb’s cycle + Electron transport chain)

Summary of Aerobic Respiration:

Cytoplasm:

Mitochondria:

Muscle fatigue & Oxygen Debt (amt of O2 needed to get rid of lactic acid)

·        

·       Period of rest -> ________________________ allow ______ _______ to be converted back to ____________________ -> ___________________________________ again

Evolution of Cell Respiration

·       ______________ was the first biochemical process to evolve

·       Uses __________, occurs in _______________, not associated with an organelle

·       Well suited to ___________________ in a ______________ _________________

·       Respiration became _________________ through _____________

Metabolism of Carbs, Proteins, and Fats (Summary)