___________________ - A small thing made of a chromosome-like part surrounded by a protein coat.

The chromosome-like part carries the ______________________ _______________________.

The protein coat is responsible for ______________________ ________________________ of the virus.

Viruses have many shapes, including:

____________________     _____________________      ______________________

Characteristics of a virus:

• Neither _____________________ nor ________________________
• Difficult for scientists to _______________________
• Can only be seen with an _________________________ ___________________________
• Have no ______________________ ______________________
• Can reproduce ONLY inside ________________________ __________________________

 Viruses Are Classified According To:

1. _______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________________

(plant? Animal? Fungi? Moneran? Protist? – These organisms all serve as hosts to viruses)

____________________________ - An organism that provides food for a parasite.

____________________________ - An organism that lives in/ on another organism and gets food from it.

Viruses are ___________________________ that live off of other organisms

Viruses infect SPECIFIC organisms:
Tobacco virus ONLY infects tobacco plants
Rabies virus ONLY infects the nervous system of mammals.
Common Cold virus ONLY infects cells along the air passageway to the lungs.

Viruses & Disease
Viruses cause disease in humans and other living things. In humans, viruses are spread by _____________________, ________________________, ________________________, ____________________, & ________________________ ___________________________.

________________________________________________________________________________ - A viral disease that destroys the body’s ________________________ ________________________. When the immune system is not functioning properly, the body can’t fight ___________________________. People with this disease die from secondary infections they get that they can’t fight off with their immune systems.

This disease is spread by:

• _________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________________

There is no _______________________ _________________________.

Plant viruses are spread by __________________________ or ___________________________. Sucking insects break through the ______________________ _______________________ of the plant & allow virus to get into the host cell.

Methods by which Viruses Cause Disease

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

• Virus attaches to ___________________________________
• Chromosome-like part enters cell
• Chromosome-like part takes over cell

• Virus changes _________________________ ____________________________ in host cell so that host cell produces more __________________________ instead of performing usual tasks.
• Cell breaks open & releases new viruses which invade other cells
• Tissue damage & ________________ result

Examples: ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, __________________

    2.    __________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

• _______________________ and ______________________ around lips are caused by viruses
• No symptoms appear until _______________________ or _____________________ cause virus to become active & reproduce
• Cold sores may disappear for long periods of time, but ______________________ remains in body

    3.    __________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

• Groups of infected cells become lumps called ________________________. Some are harmless, an example is a _________________. Others can be malignant, an example is ____________________.

Controlling Viruses

Diseases caused by viruses are hard to treat or cure because there are no known _________________________ that destroy viruses. Since a virus is constantly changing its hereditary material (mutating), it is hard to find a drug to kill it.

• Certain _________________________ ____________________________ _______________________ (WBCs) can surround & destroy a virus.
• ______________________________ - chemicals made by the body that help destroy viruses or harmful bacteria NOT captured by WBCs. Antibodies _______________________ to viruses or harmful bacteria to help destroy them directly. They also can hold a virus or bacteria ______________________ until WBCs can surround & destroy them. Each antibody acts only on ____________________________________________ kind of virus or bacteria.
• ______________________________ - A chemical substance that interferes with the way a virus reproduces. Human cells produce this when they are first attacked by a virus. Interferon will attack any type of virus, and are ______________________ _______________________, unlike __________________________.
• ______________________________ - Substances made from weakened or dead viruses; used to treat viral or bacterial disease (polio, rubella, measles, flu). The body reacts to vaccines by producing _____________________________ to protect against the disease.

 Two Groups of Monerans:

• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________

Bacteria

• Very small, ____________________________ monerans
• Live everywhere: _________________, _________________, _________________, ________________
• Classified into three groups according to shape:

___________________________, ____________________________, ___________________________

• Can be found as ____________________________________, _____________________________, or in _________________________________.
• Some singles and pairs may join together in a _________________________ or ______________________.
• _____________________________ - A group of similar cells growing next to each other that do not deoend on each other

Bacterial Cell Structures 

• Do not have a  __________________________
• Have one main ____________________________
• Doesn’t have most ________________________________ seen in plant/ animal cells
• Have _____________________________ and ________________________________
• ____________________________ - Sticky outer layer that helps keep cell from drying out and helps the cell stick to food & other cells. (Not all bacterial cells have this.)
• ____________________________ - Long, whiplike thread that helps with locomotion (Not all bacterial cells have this)

_______________________________ - Process of one organism dividing into two organisms. The ______________________________ ______________________________ of the bacterial cell makes a copy of itself, then the cell divides.

_______________________________________________________ - Reproducing of a living thing by only one parent.

What Conditions do Bacteria need to LIVE?

• ____________________________
• Specific ___________________________ (0-75º C)
• ____________________________
• ____________________________ (only certain bacteria)
• ____________________________ (most bacteria)

If living conditions are not right for bacterial growth, they can survive by forming ____________________________.

_________________________________ - A thick-walled structure that forms inside the cell, enclosing all the nuclear material & some cytoplasm.

They can withstand ________________________, _______________________, & extremely __________________ conditions without damage.

When conditions return to ____________________________, endospores -> bacteria

How Do Bacteria Get FOOD?

_________________________________ - Bacteria that feed on living things

_________________________________ - Organisms that feed on dead, decomposing materials

_________________________________ - Living things that get their food from breaking down dead matter into simpler chemicals. These bacteria are important because they return minerals and other materials back to the soil, where other organisms can use them.

_________________________________ - Some bacteria can make their own food by photosynthesis.

Other bacteria use energy in __________________________ & ___________________________ to make food.

Bacteria and Disease

___________________________, ___________________________, ___________________________, ___________________________, & _____________________________ are parasites in humans that cause disease.

____________________________- A disease found in livestock that can be passed onto humans.

How Do We Know Bacteria Cause Disease?

In 1876, a German doctor named _______________________ _______________________ used a scientific method to show that _______________________ was caused by a bacterium.

Koch Postulates:

• The organism must be present in a ________________________ _______________________ when the disease occurs
• The organism must be taken from the ______________________ and grown in the _______________________
• When the organisms from the lab are injected into ________________________ _______________________, they must cause the same disease in the healthy host
• The organism must be removed from the new hosts, grown in the lab, and shown to be the _________________ organism from the first _______________________.

Communicable Diseases

Disease that can be passed onto other organisms by:

• _______________________________ (strept throat, pneumonia, TB)
• _______________________________
• _______________________________ (dysentery, ecoli)
• _______________________________ (herpes, AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea)
• ________________________________ (mosquitoes ->malaria; ticks -> lyme disease)

Helpful Bacteria

Bacteria that get energy from _____________________________ recycle this matter when they decompose it so that other organisms may use it to grow.

Recycling of Matter

•  Bacteria in the stomach of a cow help break down ______________________ & ______________________. This is beneficial to both organisms because they both get food!
• Bacteria make ______________________________ - chemical substances that kill/ slow the growth of bacteria.
• Bacteria gives certain foods __________________________
• Bacteria is responsible for the production of _______________________ cheese, _____________________ cheese, _____________________________, ____________________________, ____________________________ and _____________________________.
• Bacteria are used to produce _______________________________, _____________________________, and ______________________________.

________________________________ - The use of living things to solve practical problems.

Controlling Bacteria

• ____________________________________ - Heating milk to kill harmful bacteria
• ____________________________________ - Heating foods to kill bacteria, then sealing them in airtight containers.
• ____________________________________ - Removing water from food to prevent bacterial growth
• Use of ___________________________________ - Chemicals that kill bacteria on living things.
• Use of ___________________________________ - Chemicals that destroy bacteria on non-living things
• ____________________________________ - Prevent bacterial infections in organisms

Blue-Green Bacteria

Small, one-celled monerans that contain ___________________________ and can make their own ______________________.

Cell Structure of Blue-Green Bacteria

• Do not have a _______________________ or typical plant cell ______________________
• Have a _____________________________
• Have ____________________________________________________________. Sometimes these appear _____________, black, brown, or purple. The _______________________________ gets its name from abundant growth of this bacteria at certain times of the year.
• Outer ______________________________________ layer holds the cell to other cells
• _____________________________________ let cells float to the surface to get sun

Where do Blue-Green Bacteria Live?

____________________, ______________________, __________________________________, ____________________________________________, _________________________________________.

• They can occur as ___________________________________, _______________________________, and long thread-like ______________________________.

• They make their own _____________________ by ____________________________________. In doing this, they also provide ______________________________ and serve as a _________________________________ to aquatic ____________________________ (organisms that CAN’T make their own food)

• If they overgrow, they can cause ________________________ ______________________________.